刘晓波（1955年12月28日－ ），男，生于吉林长春。中国作家、前任独立中文笔会主席、持不同政见者、原北京师范大学中文系讲师，现居北京市。
1980年代中期，刘晓波因对李泽厚的批判而名震文坛，被称为“黑马”。后因参与六四事件、呼吁为六四平反和要求中国当局进行民主宪政改革而多次被捕。获释后大量发表文章，抨击时政、关注民间维权。这使得他成为中国当局重点监控的对象，在每年的一些敏感时期（如六四周年、两会、党代会等），中国当局对刘晓波实施某种程度的软禁，要求不得外出、访友，甚至切断其电话、网络的通讯。
生涯
* 1955年12月28日生于吉林省长春市。
* 1969年—1973年随父母下乡到内蒙古兴安盟科尔沁右翼前旗大石寨公社。
* 1974年7月作为知青插队到吉林省农安县三岗公社。
* 1976年11月长春市建筑公司当工人。
* 1977年—1982年在吉林大学中文系学习。1982年毕业，获文学学士学位。
* 1982年进入北京师范大学中文系读硕士学位，1984年毕业，获文艺学硕士学位。
* 1984年—1986年在北京师范大学中文系任教。
* 1986年—1988年在北京师范大学中文系读博士学位，1988年毕业获文艺学博士学位。
* 1988年8月—11月应邀赴挪威奥斯陆大学讲授中国当代文学。
* 1988年12月—1989年2月应邀赴美国夏威夷大学讲授中国哲学、中国当代政治与知识份子，并进行该专题的研究。
* 1989年3月—5月应邀赴美国哥伦比亚大学做访问学者，后因回国参加六四事件而中断。
* 1989年4月27日—6月4日在北京参加六四运动，是天安门四君子之一和发起者。
* 1989年6月6日—1991年1月因参与六四事件，犯下“反革命”罪而被捕。
* 1989年9月被开除公职。
* 1991年1月—1995年5月在北京从事写作及参与民运。
* 1995年5月18日—1996年1月被判刑，获释后继续从事民运及自由写作。
* 1996年10月8日—1999年10月7日被劳动教养3年。
* 1999年10月7日获释，之后一直在北京从事自由写作。
* 2003年11月当选为独立中文作家笔会第二届会长。
* 2005年11月2日，再次当选为独立中文笔会第三届会长。
* 2008年发起并起草了零八宪章，该宪章于同年12月10日世界人权日发表。
* 2008年12月9日因“涉嫌煽动颠覆国家政权罪”被刑事拘留。
* 2008年12月11日中国人权活动人士周四（12月11日）表示，他们担心，主张中国进行民主改革的异见人士刘晓波可能面临长期监禁。
* 2009年6月23日涉嫌煽动颠覆国家政权罪，经检察机关批准逮捕。[1]刘晓波在2008年12月被当局拘押，7个月来一直处于“监视居住”状态，据人权组织说他一直被扣留在北京郊区的一个酒店里。 美国众议院议长南希·佩洛西发表声明，呼吁国际社会谴责中国拘捕刘晓波的举动。[2]。
美国国会众议院决议案
2009年10月1号美国国会众议院以410票赞成，1票反对，通过一项旨呼吁北京当局立刻释放刘晓波的决议案。决议案说，2008年12月，刘晓波带头签署零八宪章声明，呼吁中国共产党放弃专政，推行民主。之后不久刘晓波就被拘捕，并且监禁至今。决议案指出，刘晓波已经对中国体制带来有意义的影响，并且鼓舞几百万人要求政府进行改革。[3]
获奖情况
* 1990年获美国《人权观察》颁发的“海尔曼人权奖”
* 1996年再次获美国《人权观察》颁发的“海尔曼人权奖”
* 2003年中国民主教育基金会第十七届“杰出民主人士奖”
* 2004年12月21日获得无国界记者和法兰西基金会颁发的2004年度“捍卫言论自由奖”。
* 2004年第九届香港“人权新闻奖优异奖”，获奖文章为《“新闻腐败”不是新闻》，发表于《开放》月刊2004年1月号。
* 2005年第十届香港人权新闻奖大奖，获奖文章为《权贵的天堂 弱者的地狱》，发表于《开放》月刊2004年9月号。
* 2006年第十一届香港人权新闻奖优异奖，获奖文章为《汕尾血案的始末和背景》，发表于《开放》月刊2006年1月号。
* 2009年3月，获得同一个世界电影节的Homo Homini奖，该奖项由People in Need基金会组织设立，用于促进言论自由、民主以及人权。[4]
* 2009年4月，获得美国笔会颁发的2009年度巴巴拉·戈德史密斯自由写作奖。[5]
主要著作
* 《选择的批判──与李泽厚对话》 上海人民出版社1987年版
* 《审美与人的自由》 北京师范大学出版社1988年版
* 《形而上学的迷雾》 上海人民出版社1989年版
* 《未来的自由中国在民间》
* 《赤身裸体，走向上帝》 时代文艺出版社1989年版
* 《末日幸存者的独白》 台湾中国时报出版社1993年版
* 《中国当代政治与中国知识份子》 台北唐山出版社1990年版
* 《刘晓波刘霞诗选》 香港夏菲尔国际出版公司2000年版
* 《美人赠我蒙汗药》 用笔名老侠与王朔合著 长江文艺出版社2000年版
* 《向良心说谎的民族》 捷幼出版社2002年版
* 《未来的自由中国在民间》 劳改基金会2005年版
* 《单刃毒剑——中国当代民族主义批判》 博大出版社2006年6月出版
Liu Xiaobo (simplified Chinese: 刘晓波; traditional Chinese: 劉曉波; pinyin: Liú Xiǎobō; born December 28, 1955) is a critical intellectual and human rights activist in reform-era China. Liu has served as President of Independent Chinese PEN Center since 2003. On December 8, 2008, Liu was detained in response to his participation with Charter 08. He was formally arrested on June 23, 2009, on suspicion of "inciting subversion of state power."
Early life and education
Liu was born in Changchun, Jilin in 1955. He received a B.A. in literature from Jilin University in 1982 and an M.A. from Beijing Normal University in 1984.
After graduation, Liu joined the faculty at Beijing Normal University, where he also received a Ph.D in 1988. He has been a visiting scholar at several universities outside of China, including the University of Oslo, University of Hawaii, and Columbia University.
[edit] Human rights activities
Liu Xiaobo is a human rights activist who has called on the Chinese government to be accountable for its actions. He has been detained, arrested, and sentenced repeatedly for his peaceful political activities, including participation in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
In October 1996, Liu Xiaobo was sentenced to three years in a re-education-through-labor camp on charges of "spreading rumors and libel" and "disturbing public order"[3] for criticizing the Communist Party of China.[4] In 2007, he was briefly detained and questioned about articles he wrote for Internet sites outside China in order to embarrass the Beijing Government.
Liu's human rights work has received international recognition. In 2004, Reporters Without Borders honored Liu's human rights work, awarding him the Fondation de France Prize as a defender of press freedom.[5]
[edit] Charter 08 and arrest
Main article: Charter 08
Political protest in Hong Kong against the detention of Liu Xiaobo
Liu Xiaobo, along with more than three hundred Chinese citizens, signed Charter 08, a manifesto released on the 60th anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (December 10, 2009), written in the style of the Czechoslovakian Charter 77 calling for greater freedom of expression, human rights, and for free elections.[6] As of May 2009, the Charter has collected over 8,600 signatures from Chinese of various walks of life.[7]
[edit] Arrest
Late in the evening of December 8, 2008, two days before the official release of the Charter, Liu Xiaobo was taken away from his home by police.[8] Another scholar and Charter 08 signatory, Zhang Zuhua, was also taken away by police at that time. According to Zhang, the two were detained on suspicion of gathering signatures to the Charter.[9] While Liu was detained, he was not allowed to meet with his lawyer or family, though he was allowed to eat lunch with his wife, Liu Xia, and two policemen on New Years Day 2009.[10] On June 23, 2009, the Beijing procuratorate approved Liu Xiaobo's arrest on charges of "suspicion of inciting subversion of state power," a crime under article 105 of China's Criminal Law.[11] In a Xinhua news release announcing Liu's arrest, the Beijing Public Security Bureau alleged that Liu had incited the subversion of state power and the overturn of the socialist system through methods such as spreading rumors and slander, citing almost verbatim Article 105; the Beijing PSB also noted that Liu had "fully confessed."[2]
[edit] International response
Political protest in Hong Kong against the arrest of Liu Xiaobo
Following Liu's detention, a number of individuals, states, and organizations across the world called for his release. On December 11, 2008, the U.S. Department of State called for Liu's release;[12] on December 22, 2008, a consortium of scholars, writers, lawyers, and human rights advocates called for Liu's release in an open letter; [13] and on January 21, 2009, 300 international writers, including Salman Rushdie, Margaret Atwood, Ha Jin, and June Chang, called for Liu's release in a statement put out through PEN.[10] In March 2009 Liu Xiaobo was awarded with Homo Homini Award by One World Film Festival, organized by the People in Need foundation, for promoting freedom of speech, democratic principles and human rights.[14]
[edit] Criticism
As a political commentator and activist, Liu has offended a number of people. An oft-mentioned quote is from a 1988 interview with Hong Kong's Liberation Monthly (now known as Open Magazine) in which Liu said in response to a question on what it would take for China to realize a true historical transformation, "[It would take] 300 years of colonialism. In 100 years of colonialism, Hong Kong has changed to what we see today. With China being so big, of course it would take 300 years of colonialism for it to be able to change to how Hong Kong is today. I have my doubts as to whether 300 years would be enough."[15] Liu later admitted that the response was extemporaneous and used as evidence against him, commenting that, "even today [in 2006], patriotic 'angry youth' still frequently use these words to paint me with 'treason.'" [15]
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