刘宾雁（1925年2月7日－2005年12月5日），中国作家、记者和持不同政见者。曾任《人民日报》记者、中国作家协会副主席（主席是巴金）和独立中文笔会第一任会长。
简历
刘宾雁出生于中国长春，在哈尔滨长大。1942年初中毕业。1943年起就投身抗日救亡活动，并在同年参加中国共产党地下工作，在1944年加入中国共产党。1945年刘在中国天津耀华中学任教，1946年至1950年从事青年组织工作。1951年至1957年在北京《中国青年报》担任记者，发表文学作品，成为中国作协会员。
1956年4月，刘宾雁在当月《人民文学》杂志上发表小说《在桥梁工地上》，6月和9月发表《本报内部消息》反其续篇，批判了中共官僚主义体制和压制新闻自由的审查制度，引起全国关注。1957年5月13日，他在《中国青年报》发表文章《上海在沉思中》，批评上海市委压制言论自由，影响广泛。被毛泽东指责为“企图制造混乱”，被打成右派。1957年7月19日，《中国青年报》举行批判刘之“座谈会”。1958年至1962年刘宾雁被遣送农村劳动改造，在1963年至1966年他返回《中国青年报》当杂工，1966年3月被“摘帽”，但6月初又被指“反党”，并再度被下放农村，劳动改造至1977年。
1978年至1979年，刘回京担任中国社会科学院《哲学译文》编辑。在1979年获得平反，同年九月发表报告文学《人妖之间》，揭露中共建国以来地方官员最大贪污案，在民间引起更大反响。在1979年至1987年期间，他担任《人民日报》高级记者，发表大量揭露社会问题的报道和报告文学作品，如《第二种忠诚》等。1985年在中国作协第四届大会上当选为副主席。刘宾雁的作品在1980年代的中国有很大的影响，并使他得到了“中国的良心”的称号。
1987年刘宾雁在反对资产阶级自由化运动中被中共以反对四项基本原则为由再次开除党籍和公职。邓小平在《旗帜鲜明地反对资产阶级自由化》[1]中提到刘宾雁说：
对于那些明显反对社会主义、反对共产党的，这次就要处理。可能会引起波浪，那也不可怕。对方励之、刘宾雁、王若望处理要坚决，他们狂妄到极点，想改变共产党，他们有什么资格当共产党员？
1988年春，刘宾雁在美国讲学。1989年六四事件后，因公开反对武力镇压，被开除出中国作家协会，从此被中共当局禁止返回中国。他在中国大陆的名字亦迅速消失。
2005年2月底，为庆祝刘宾雁80岁生日，海内外一批作家合作出版散文集《不死的流亡者》，刘亲自出席签名会，另外由旅美雕塑家谭宁制作的刘宾雁半身像。2005年2月23日，在普林斯顿大学揭幕[2]，刘亦有到场主持仪式。
刘宾雁于2002年患直肠癌，其后扩散到肺部与肝区，2005年12月5日，当地时间凌晨零时25分左右，刘宾雁因直肠癌在美国新泽西州普林斯顿新布朗斯维克（New Brunswick）之罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊医院（Roberto Wood Johnson Hospital）去世，终年80岁；告别式于12月10日在普林斯顿凯恩博殡仪馆举行。
刘与妻子朱洪于1951年结婚，育有一子（刘大洪，现居上海）一女（刘小雁，现居北京），此外还有两个孙儿（其一为刘冬冬）。
[编辑] 文化交流
刘宾雁多次在国外参加文化交流：
* 1982年参加美国艾奥瓦国际写作计划。
* 1988年春在美国加州大学洛杉矶分校讲学。
* 1988—1989年在美国哈佛大学担任尼曼（NIEMAN）新闻研究员。
* 1989—1990年在哈佛三一学院担任访问学者。
* 1989年秋在德国柏林任DAAD基金会访问作家，并访问东德、匈牙利、捷克斯洛伐克、保加利亚等前东欧国家，研究苏联东欧民主运动发展经验。
* 1990年在美国华盛顿伍德罗·威尔逊中心担任访问学者。
* 1991—1992年在美国普林斯顿大学担任访问学者、“中国学社”理事。
* 1992—1996年在美国普林斯顿担任“中国学社”执委会委员。
* 1999年在瑞典斯德哥尔摩大学亚太中心担任访问学者，同年担任“自由亚洲电台”特约评论员。
* 1992—1999年期间，刘宾雁创办《中国焦点》（CHINA FOCUS）英文月刊并任主编，报道中国社会动态，1993—1996年又创办中文月刊《大路》向中国大陆传播新思想及国际民主化动态，但刊物进入中国大陆十分有限。
* 2001年被选为独立中文笔会首任会长。
[编辑] 获奖情况
* 1981年、1983年、1985年、1987年四度获得中国作协颁发全国报告文学奖
* 1987年获得美国民主教育基金会奖
* 1990年获得哈佛三一学院荣誉博士学位
* 1991年美国纽约言论自由基金会奖
* 2003年美国纽约人权观察海尔曼、赫米特奖
[编辑] 评价
刘宾雁被外界认为是一个改革者和腐败观察家。刘在去世前经常在香港媒体上发布批评中国腐败的文章，并同时担任美国出资建立的自由亚洲电台的特约评论员和独立中文笔会主席。他曾被美国《时代周刊|时代》周刊誉为中国英雄。
[编辑] 著作列表
* 《第二种忠诚》
* 《人妖之间》
[编辑] 纪念书籍
* 黄河清、一平、北明：《刘宾雁纪念文集》，明镜出版社，2006年12月初版。 ISBN 1-932138-48-x
Liu Binyan (Chinese:刘宾雁 pinyin: Liú Bīnyàn, February 7, 1925-December 5, 2005) was a Chinese author and journalist, as well as a political dissident.
Many of the events in Liu's life are recounted in his memoir, A Higher Kind of Loyalty.
Early Life
Liu Binyan, whose family hails from Shandong province, was born in 1925, on the fifteenth of the first month of the lunar calendar, in the city of Changchun, Jilin Province. He grew up in Harbin in Heilongjiang province, where he went to school until the ninth grade, after which he had to withdraw for lack of tuition money. He persisted in reading voraciously, especially works about World War II, and in 1944 joined the Communist Party of China. After 1949 he worked as a reporter and editor for China Youth News and began a long career of writing rooted in an iron devotion to social ideals, an affection for China's ordinary people, and an insistence on honest expression even at the cost of great personal sacrifice.
[edit] Outspoken Critic in Early Years of PRC
Liu Binyan published influential critiques of the consequences of Party management in the 1950s. In rapid succession he encountered recognition, approval, criticism, and finally prosecution for crimes against the Party.
[edit] A Pair of Articles with a Big Impact
In 1956 he published "On the Bridge Worksite" (《在桥梁工地上》 "Zai qiaoliang gongdi shang"), which exposed bureaucratism and corruption, and "The Inside Story of Our Newspaper" ( 《本报内部消息》 "Benbao neibu xiaoxi"), about press control. The two works had a powerful nationwide impact among readers.
According to Liu, "'On the Bridge Construction Site' had been the first piece to criticize the Party itself since Mao Zedong had laid down the dictum in 1942 in his ' Talks at the Yanan Forum' that writers should 'extol the bright side of life' and 'not expose' the darkness."[1]:66
[edit] Labeled a "Rightist"
In the year following the publication of "On the Bridge Worksite" and "The Inside Story of Our Newspaper," 1957, Liu was labeled a "rightist" and expelled from the Communist Party (see Hundred Flowers Camapaign). The campaign against Liu Binyan was closely associated with the campaign against another social critic and author, Wang Meng, who had recently published a highly influential work, "A New Arrival at the Organization Department."[1]:68
[edit] Interim Years
After being rehabilitated in the 1960s, he again fell out of favor in 1969 and was condemned to a laogai detention camp, where he spent eight years. After being rehabilitated again, he built up a sound reputation as a reformer and a corruption watchdog. From 1957 on, he spent roughly 21 years in and out of labor camps.
[edit] Second Big Impact: People or Monsters in 1979
In 1978, after the "rightist" label was removed, Liu was re-admitted to the Communist Party but continued, in even starker terms than before, to write " reportage literature" about injustices and the sufferings of ordinary people.
People or Monsters (《人妖之间》), about a corrupt official in the northern Chinese province of Heilongjiang named Wang Shouxin, created a sensation when it was published in 1979, and became a central element in the effort in China to reflect on and understand the course of Chinese social development, particularly over the course of the Cultural Revolution.
People or Monsters was widely read in China, and was broadly re-distributed following initial publication. "What was powerful about Liu's piece was it universality: everyone in China knew people like Wang Shouxin, and it made everyone think of all those who had not been brought to justice."[2]
People or Monsters was the first in a series of works describing corruption and social problems, and was noteworthy for its use of fact-based reporting (reportage) in place of pure fiction.[1]:138
People or Monsters , 《第二种忠诚》"Di-er zhong zhongcheng" [A Second Kind of Loyalty] (1985) and other essays made him a household name among Chinese readers and cemented his reputation as "China's conscience." In 1985, when the Chinese Writers' Association was allowed (for the first and last time) to elect its own leaders, Liu Binyan received the second-highest number of votes to Ba Jin, the surviving May-Fourth era writer.
[edit] Liu in the United States
In January 1987, as part of Deng Xiaoping's crackdown on "bourgeois liberalism," Liu Binyan was again expelled from the Communist Party. In spring of 1988 he came to the United States for teaching and writing; then, after publicly denouncing the Chinese government for the Beijing massacre and nationwide crackdown in June, 1989, he was barred from returning to China and never saw his homeland again. Although largely isolated from his Chinese readers, he continued to write about China where his sources often came from interviewing visitors from China.
He published articles critical of Chinese corruption for the Hong Kong media, and offered commentary for the U.S. government funded Radio Free Asia (nonetheless, he was reported to "detest American capitalism" and expressed dismay at a certain Chinese dissident's support for the Iraq war[3]). Until the end, he remained an adherent of socialism with a human face, was critical of social inequality and consumerist cynicism in China, and stressed that the Communist Party of China, which he had joined as a youth, had many positive achievements before the Maoist crimes and its transformation into the "foul, reactionary force" that it was today.[4][5]
He died in East Windsor, New Jersey on December 5, 2005 from complications due to colon cancer. He is survived by his wife, Zhu Hong.
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