魏京生（1950年5月20日－），中国北京人，祖籍安徽金寨，其父魏梓林初在中国人民解放军后勤部任要职，后成为工人家庭。魏京生现为中国持不同政见者。
魏京生小学就读于北京育鹏小学，中学就读于人民大学附中[1]。1966年文革爆发，魏京生参加了人大附中的红卫兵，并到各地串联。后被父母送往老家安徽金寨务农。1969年参军，1973年服役完毕后回到北京，被分派到北京动物园当电工。[2]
1978年，一些人士在北京西单贴大字报，宣扬民主自由，后来被称为民主墙运动，魏京生是其中重要一员，12月5日他署名贴出名为《 第五个现代化》的大字报，他写道：“中国人民要现代化，首先必须实行民主，把中国的社会制度现代化。民主并不完全象列宁编造的那样，仅仅是社会发达的结果。它不仅是生产力和生产关系发达到一定阶段的必然产物，也是生产力和生产关系在这个发达阶段以及更加发达的阶段中得以存在的条件”。[3]而后魏京生等人创办了《探索》杂志。1979年3月25日，魏京生又贴出大字报《要民主还是要新的独裁》，他写道：“任何政治领导人作为个人都不应获得人民的无条件信任。假如他实行的是对人民有利的政策，他领导人民走的是通向和平繁荣的道路，我们就应当信任他，我们信任的是他的政策和他要走的道路。假如他实行的是损害人民利益的政策，他要走的是独裁和反人民的道路，人民就应当反对他。同样人民反对的是他损害人民利益和侵害人民正当权利的政策和反人民的道路。按照民主的原则，任何权威也必须在人民的反对面前低头。”他直言邓小平走的是独裁路线。[4]3月29日，魏京生被逮捕，他后被以反革命罪判刑15年，而他10月6日在法庭上的陈词，被朋友偷录下来，并被转成文字发表，而他朋友刘青等人也因此被逮捕。经过五年的单独囚禁，魏京生后被转往唐山监狱和青海劳改农场。[2]在狱中，魏京生给邓小平写了不少信，后保存下来并结集出版。1992年10月5日，魏京生给邓小平发出《对西藏前途的看法》的信，阐述自己对西藏问题的看法。[5]。1993年9月14日[6]，魏京生获释。1994年4月1日再度被捕，并被以反革命罪判处14年徒刑。1997年11月16日[7]，魏京生以健康原因获释，并被直接流放至美国。
1998年，魏京生被推举为中国民主运动海外联席会议主席。
魏京生现旅居美国。
[编辑] 著作
* 《狱中书信集》，英译本《Courage to Stand Alone -- letters from Prison and Other Writings》
[编辑] 荣誉
* 1994年，奥洛夫·帕尔梅纪念奖
* 1996年，被授予罗勃特·肯尼迪人权奖；欧洲议会授予其萨哈罗夫奖
* 1997年，获美国国家民主基金会的民主奖
Wei Jingsheng (Chinese: 魏京生; Pinyin：Wèi Jīngshēng; born May 20, 1950) is an activist in the Chinese democracy movement, most prominent for authoring the document Fifth Modernization on the "Democracy Wall" in Beijing in 1978.
He had joined the Red Guards as a sixteen-year-old student during the Cultural Revolution. When Deng Xiaoping came to power and repudiated the Cultural Revolution, Wei Jingsheng, then a twenty-eight-year-old electrician in Beijing's Zoo, attacked the government of the Communist Party of China, becoming one of the first few daring to denounce Deng. Wei's and others' public dissent worried Deng who was anxious to consolidate his power. Apart from the Fifth Modernization ("第五个现代化") authorship, Wei Jingsheng is known for his editorial work in a short-lived magazine Exploration (《探索》) in 1979.
Wei Jingsheng was arrested March 29, 1979 for passing military secrets, and was condemned to 15 years of prison.[1] He had also published a letter under his name in March 1979 denouncing the inhuman conditions of the Chinese Qincheng Prison, where the 10th Panchen Lama was imprisoned.[2] However, a major part of Wei's essay came from other anonymous authors with personal experiences involving Qincheng. Those parts were published by Wei without their consent. Mary Holzman declared that Wei completed his research and wrote his essay of investigative journalism within a week,[3] which makes it highly doubtful that Wei wrote the essay himself, as he simply did not have the factual knowledge present in the text.
The CCP did not bring any formal charges against him for his attacks on the Communist system. Instead, he was charged with treason for his correspondence with foreigners about the Chinese-Vietnamese War . He stayed in prison until 14 September 1993, when he was released. Some speculate it was because the PRC wanted to show their new openness before the International Olympic Committee. When they lost their bid to Sydney, Australia, Wei was thrown in jail once more. Charged with plotting against the state he was to remain in jail until November 16, 1997, when he was released for "medical reasons" and promptly deported to the United States. He was sent to the United States due to international pressure, especially the request by then US President Bill Clinton.
Dissidents who are widely known in the West, such as Wei Jingsheng, Fang Lizhi, and Wang Dan are typically deported when the Chinese government is really under pressure.[citation needed] Although Chinese criminal law does not contain any provisions for exiling citizens, it is carried out informally by giving these well known dissidents a severe jail sentence and subsequently granting medical parole before sending them out in exile.
In 1996, Wei Jingsheng was awarded the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought. He is a winner of numerous other human rights and democracy awards, including the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award in 1996, the National Endowment for Democracy Award in 1997, the Olof Palme Memorial Prize in 1994, and the International Activist Award by the Gleitsman Foundation, etc. In 2008, he was chosen as one of the 15 Champions of World Democracy by the Europe-based magazine A Different View.[4] He has been praised in numerous places with titles such as "Father of Chinese Democracy" and "Nelson Mandela of China". Thousands of entries about him can be found on the Internet in various languages. In 2009 it was announced he was a runner up for the Nobel Peace prize[5].
Besides the well publicized essay he wrote in 1978, the Fifth Modernization, he is the author of "Courage to Stand Alone -- letters from Prison and Other Writings", which compiles his articles written initially on toilet paper in jail. He has weekly commentary on Radio Free Asia, and many other news media.
From his prison, Wei Jingsheng wrote to Deng Xiaoping many letters that were smuggled out secretly and published.[6] Hence, in 1992, he wrote a long letter about Tibet, which questioned the suzerainty of the Qing Dynasty over Tibet. He believed Tibet should become a part of India.[7]
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